UNIT 31: Past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành)

I. Grammar

1.Form: had + verb participle

Examples:
Positive: I had given all my money.
Negative: I had not given all my money.
Yes/no question: Had I given all my money? -Yes, I had./No, I hadn’t.
Question word: How many times have they visited this bay?

2.Usage

a. Speaking about an action, which took place or was finished BEFORE another action in the past.(nói về hành động đã xảy ra hoặc đã hoàn thành trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ)

Examples:
Before I came here, I had been at home. (trước khi tôi đến đây, tôi đã ở nhà)
When Carol arrived, I had (already) finished my homework. (khi Carol đến, tôi đã hoàn thành bài tập về nhà).

b. Used for conditional sentences type 3 that was untrue in the past (sử dụng cho câu điều kiện loại 3- không có thật trong quá khứ)

Examples:
If I had seen you, I would have talked with you. (nếu tôi gặp bạn, tôi đã nói chuyên với bạn)
If you’d been at the concert, you would have liked it a lot. (nếu bạn có ở buổi hòa nhạc, bạn sẽ rất thích nó).
Sam would have gone with Wendy, if he had known that she was alone. (Sam sẽ đi cùng với Wendy nếu anh ấy biết rằng cô ấy một mình).

3. Signal words (từ nhận biết)

Already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day, 1993, 1845 …

4. Adverb placement (vị trí trạng từ)

He had (not) always played football until he broke his leg.

Had you ever played football before you broke your leg?

II. Exercises

1. Put the verbs in past perfect simple

a. The pupils talked about the film they (watch).

b. I was late for work because I (miss) the bus.

c. We lived in the house that my father (build).

d. We admired the picture that Lucy (paint).

e. They watered the trees that they (plant).